PPTS

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ECE
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Collection IEEE standard ppts for EEE branch

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Carbon-Nano tube field effect transistors [PPT]



There is an explosive interest in 1D nanostructured materials for biological sensors. Among these nanometer-scale materials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) offer the advantages of possible biocompatibility, size compatibility, and sensitivity towards minute electrical perturbations. In particular, because of these inherent qualities, changes in SWNT conductivity have been explored in order to study the interaction of biomolecules with SWNTs. This Review discusses these interactions, with a focus on carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (NTFETs). Recent examples of applications of NTFET devices for detection of proteins, antibody-antigen assays, DNA hybridization, and enzymatic reactions involving glucose are summarized. Examples of complementary techniques, such as microscopy and spectroscopy, are covered as well.


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Zigbee technology [PPT]


ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.

The ZigBee Alliance is a group of companies which maintain and publish the ZigBee standard.


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Vehicular polluton modeling using Artficial neural network techniques [PPT]




Air quality models form one of the most important components of an urban air quality management plan. An effective air quality management system must be able to provide the authorities with information on the current and likely future trends, enabling them to make necessary assessments regarding the extent and type of the air pollution control management strategies to be implemented throughout the area. Various statistical modeling techniques (regression, multiple regression and time series analysis) have been used to predict air pollution concentrations in the urban environment. These models calculate pollution concentrations due to observed traffic, meteorological and pollution data after an appropriate relationship has been obtained empirically between these parameters. Recently, statistical modeling tool such as artificial neural network (ANN) is increasingly used as an alternative tool for modeling the pollutants from vehicular traffic particularly in urban areas. In the present paper, a review of the applications of ANN in vehicular pollution modeling under urban condition and basic features of ANN and modeling philosophy, including performance evaluation criteria for ANN based vehicular emission models have been described.


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Architectural level variable supply - Voltage levelling for the low power [PPT]




Energy-efficient processor design is becoming more and more important with technology scaling and with high performance requirements. Supply-voltage scaling is an efficient way to reduce energy by lowering the operating voltage and the clock frequency of processor simultaneously. We propose a variable supply-voltage (VSV) scaling technique based on the following key observation: upon an L2 miss, the pipeline performs some independent computations but almost always ends up stalling and waiting for data, despite out-of-order issue and other latency-hiding techniques. Therefore, during an L2 miss we scale down the supply voltage of certain sections of the processor in order to reduce power dissipation while it carries on the independent computations at a lower speed. However, operating at a lower speed may degrade performance, if there are sufficient independent computations to overlap with the L2 miss. Similarly, returning to high speed may degrade power savings, if there are multiple outstanding misses and insufficient independent computations to overlap with them. To avoid these problems, we introduce two state machines that track parallelism on-the-fly, and we scale the supply voltage depending on the level of parallelism. We also consider circuit-level complexity concerns which limit VSV to two supply voltages, stability and signal-propagation speed issues which limit how fast VSV may transition between the voltages, and energy overhead factors which disallow supply-voltage scaling of large RAM structures such as caches and register file. Our simulations show that VSV achieves an average of 7.7% total processor power reduction with 0.9% performance degradation in an eight-way, out-of-order-issue processor that implements deterministic clock gating and software prefetching, across all the SPEC2K benchmarks. For those benchmarks that have high L2 miss rates (more than 4 misses per 1000 instructions), VSV achieves 23.0% reduction in total processor power with 2.0% performance degradation on average.


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Tsunami warning system [PPT]




A tsunami warning system (TWS) is a system to detect tsunamis and issue warnings to prevent loss of life and property. It consists of two equally important components: a network of sensors to detect tsunamis and a communications infrastructure to issue timely alarms to permit evacuation of coastal areas.

There are two distinct types of tsunami warning systems: international and regional. Both depend on the fact that, while tsunamis travel at between 500 and 1,000 km/h (around 0.14 and 0.28 km/s) in open water, earthquakes can be detected almost at once as seismic waves travel with a typical speed of 4 km/s (around 14,400 km/h). This gives time for a possible tsunami forecast to be made and warnings to be issued to threatened areas, if warranted. Unfortunately, until a reliable model is able to predict which earthquakes will produce significant tsunamis, this approach will produce many more false alarms than verified warnings. In the currect operational paradigm, the seismic alerts are used to send out the watches and warnings. Then, data from observed sea level height (either shore-based tide gauges or DART buoys) are used to verify the existence of a tsunami.

Other systems have been proposed to augment the warning paradigm. For example, it has been suggested that the duration and frequency content of t-wave energy (which is earthquake energy trapped in the ocean SOFAR channel) is indicative of an earthquakes tsunami potential.[1] The first rudimentary system to alert communities of an impending tsunami was attempted in Hawaii in the 1920s. More advanced systems were developed in the wake of the April 1, 1946 (caused by the 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake) and May 23, 1960 (caused by the 1960 Valdivia earthquake) tsunamis which caused massive devastation in Hilo, Hawaii.


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Urine activated paper batteries for Bio systems [PPT]



The first urine-activated laminated paper batteries have been demonstrated and reported in this paper. A simple and cheap fabrication process for the paper batteries has been developed which is compatible with the existing plastic laminating technologies or plastic molding technologies. In this battery, a magnesium (Mg) layer and copper chloride (CuCl) in the filter paper are used as the anode and the cathode, respectively. A stack consisting of a Mg layer, CuCl-doped filter paper and a copper (Cu) layer sandwiched between two plastic layers is laminated into the paper batteries by passing through the heating roller at 120 °C. The paper battery is tested and it can deliver a power greater than 1.5 mW. In addition, these urine-activated laminated paper batteries could be integrated with bioMEMS devices such as home-based health test kits providing a power source for the electronic circuit.

* A portion of this paper was presented at The 4th International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS 2004), 28–30 November, 2004, Kyoto, Japan.


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Renewable energy systems [PPT]




Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% of global energy consumption and 15% of global electricity generation. Wind power is growing at the rate of 30 percent annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 121,000 megawatts (MW) in 2008, and is widely used in European countries and the United States. The annual manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry reached 6,900 MW in 2008, and photovoltaic (PV) power stations are popular in Germany and Spain. Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA.

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Ac Power problems


Agent Technology


Dsp Based Online UPS


embedded Systems


Energy Concept For Future Use


FACTS n Controls


FACTS


Fuel Cells


HVDC light


Quick VDR


SCADA


Transmission Lines


Ac to D.C Converter

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